Biotechnology:Introduction and History

The use of microorganisms or processes for the welfare and benefits of mankind is known as biotechnology through medicine, food, environment and industrial products.

Biotechnology roots are very deep. Let’s discuss about the history of biotechnology.

Year	Development
Biotechnology in BC
500 BC	Chinese treated boils by using moldy curds as an antibiotics
250 BC	Greeks practiced the crop rotation to increase the fertility of the soils
100 BC	Chinese used powdered chrysanthemum as an insecticide
Pre/Early 19^th Century Biotechnology
1590	Janassen invent the microscope
1663	Hook discover the cells
1675	Leeuwenhoek discovers bacteria and protozoa
1797	A child was vaccinated for the disease small pox, Jenner did this
1802	1^st time the term biology was used
1830	Proteins were discovered
1833	Nucleus of Eukaryotic cell was discovered
1855	E.Coli Bacterium was discovered, also Pasture proved that yeast is a living organism in this year
1863	Mendel, while working with peas, discovered the genes
1879	Chromatins Discovered by Flemings
1883	For the 1^st time rabies vaccine developed
1888	Waldyer discovered the Chromosomes
Biotechnology in the Early 20^th Century
1902	The term “Immunology” was 1^st used
1906	The term “Genetics” was 1^st used
1915	Phages were discovered
1919	The word “Biotechnology” was 1^st used by K. Ekery
1928	Flemings discovered the “Penicillin” from the fungus
1941	The term “Genetic Engineering” was 1^st used
1942	Electron Microscope was used to characterize the Phage Viruses
1944	It was proved that DNA is actually building block of gene
1949	Pauling proved that sickle cell anemia is caused by Mutation and a molecular disease
Biotechnology in the mid 20^th century
1953	Watson and Crick understand the structure of DNA
1954	Cell Culturing Techniques were 1^st used
1955	An enzyme used in the production of Nucleic acids was isolated
1956	The Fermentation process was perfected
1960	mRNA was discovered
1961	The Genetic code was well understood
Biotechnology in the 1970s
1972	It was shown that the DNA composition of human is 99% similar to Chimps and Gorilla
1977	Through Genetically Modified Bacterium Human Growth enzyme was produced
1978	It was well tried to introduce specific mutations at the specific loci of the DNA, by Anny Hutchinson and Edgell
1979	1^st monoclonal antibiotic was synthesized
Biotechnology in the 1980s
1980	The US supreme court approved genetically engineered life forms, and US patent for gene cloning was awarded to Boyer and Cohen
1981	1^st state sponsored biotechnology research center was established,
1981	A mice cloned for the 1^st time, 1^st genetically engineered plant is reported
1982	Biotech drug approved by FDA for the 1^st time was Humulin, it is Insulin, produced using GM bacterium
1983	The 1^st artificial chromosome was made
1983	Genetic Markers for the 1^st time discovered for genetically inherited disease
1984	Technique was developed for DNA fingerprinting
1984	1^st genetically built vaccine were developed
1986	1^st biotech derived interferon drug, for the treatment of cancer was synthesized
1988	Congress Funded for the Human Genome project
1989	Microorganisms were used to clean up the oil spillage
Biotechnology in the 1990s
1990	Federally approved first gene therapy treatment performed with success,
1992	The Structure of HIV was elucidated
1993	FDA declared that the genetically engineered food is not inherently dangerous
1994	1^st breast cancer gene was discovered
1996	The genetically engineered crop was 1^st commercialized
1997	A sheep named Dolly, was the 1^st animal cloned from an adult cell, in the Scotland
1998	Mice was cloned from adult cells
1998	Embryonic stem cells were used to regenerate the tissue
1999	The genetic code for human chromosome is deciphered
Biotechnology in 21^st century
2000	A rough draft of human genome was completed
2000	Pigs were cloned, to produce organs for human transplant
2002	Pathogen of rice was sequenced
2002	An endangered species, the Banteng was cloned
2003	Dolly the cloned sheep was euthanized
2003	Scientists completed sequencing the human genome.